Then the rest of the ensemble enter with an accompaniment whilst the solo continues over the top.' Then we add special Texture vocabulary if it fits: 'The extract begins monophonic with a trumpet solo. Trill Acciaccatura (called a Grace Note in pop) Appoggiatura Mordent (Upper and Lower) Turn)ĭO NOT use the following words to describe texture: Thick Thin Full Dense Sparse Rough Smooth Lush When asked to describe texture, we should foremost describe the layers, for example: 'The extract begins with a trumpet solo. Retrograde - the same melody repeated, but from back to front.) 7.Have any ornaments been used? (oranments-used for decoration e.g. Inversion - the same melody repeated, but upside down. There are three: Sequence - the same melody repeated, but either up (ascending sequence) or down (descending sequence) a note. 6.Have any melodic devices been used? (melodic device-a particular 'tool' used by a composer when writing a piece of music. 5.Are there any particular intervals that you can recognise? Perfect 5th, Minor 3rd, etc. 4.Does it move by step or by jump? Conjunct vs Disjunct, Stepwise vs Jumpwise, Scalic vs Triadic, Broken Chords. 3.What direction does the melody go in? Ascending or Descending. think of the following questions: 1.Can you name any specific pitches of notes? 2.What is its pitch range? Say the lowest and highest notes, or name the interval between them. not: How long the notes are in the melody (rhythm) Whether the melody is repeated or not (structure) How long the phrases are (structure) Who plays the melody (sonority). a Guitar Solo in a Rock song Describing melody -changes in pitch. The melody may move to another instrument within a piece of music, e.g. It is very commonly sung, but could be an instrumental melody instead (e.g. Tune Typically it is the bit that people sing if you ask them how a song goes. it ends on a minor chord when in a major key b) the first chord of the cadence is V, so it sounds like the start of a Perfect cadence. Interrupted: V - vi, Unfinished, Sounds like a 'surprise' because: a) it is the only cadence that ends on the opposite to the tonality e.g. Doesn't sound quite as finished as a Perfect cadence. Plagal: IV - I, Finished, Often called the 'Amen' cadence as it is heard in sacred music. Sounds as if there is something else about to follow. Imperfect: ? - V, Unfinished, Any chord followed by 'V'. Cadences: Perfect: V - I, Finished, Sounds very complete and finished, as if it has gone 'home'. In effect, this creates inversions of the chords Circle of 5ths - a chord sequence that moves around the circle of 5ths, i.e. C, D & E, or Ab, Bb and B.) Harmonic devices: Pedal note - when the same bass note is played across a chord sequence. The opposite of dissonance is consonance, which is where the harmony sounds pleasant or acceptable) 10.Cluster chord (a very specific type of dissonance created when notes right next to each other are played e.g. Dissonance is when the harmony does not sound 'nice'. C, E, G# and Bb.) 9.Discord (when the harmony played at the same time create dissonance. Augmented 7th chords add the minor 7th e.g. They also sound very dreamy as they use notes of the whole tone scale. C, E & G# - they therefore sound very positive and optimistic. There are only three different Diminished 7th chords in the whole world!) 8.Augmented (built up entirely of major 3rds, e.g. Half diminished chords have a diminished triad with a 'normal' 7th i.e. Diminished triads have only the 1st, 3rd and 5th i.e. C, Eb, Gb, A - they therefore sound eerie and generally very glum. 2.Chord Symbols by using a forward slash '/' and then the note that should appear in the bass, e.g: Dm/F is Dm in 1st inversion.) 7.Diminished (Diminished 7th chords are built up entirely of minor 3rds, e.g. Typically is 5th note that is flattened) 6.Inversion (change of chord notes order 1.Roman Numerals by the letters 'a' (root), 'b' (1st) and 'c' (2nd), e.g. The majority of the chords used in a piece of music will be diatonic, as these will sound 'right' 4.Extended/7th (7th chord=1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th notes of the scale) 5.Altered (one of the notes is flattened or sharpened. Chromatic - when a chord uses notes that are not in the tonality (key). Therefore 'harmony' and 'chords' are very closely linked (but not entirely) Types of chord: 1.Triad (three notes 1st, 3rd, 5th notes of the scale) 2.Major (4 semitone interval, 3 semitone interval not the same as tonality) 3.Minor (3 semitone interval, 4 semitone interval not the same as tonality) Diatonic - when a chord use notes that are in the tonality (key). Incidentally, the definition of 'chord' is: 2 or more notes played together. Harmony is the result created when more than one note is played at the same time.
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